Great War (1914-1918): The Western Front: First Battle of the Marne 1914

Introduction

Description

Through an analysis of primary and secondary sources, students in this lesson will identify, understand and be able to explain how the First Battle of the Marne saved France, forced the German army to abandon the Schlieffen Plan and ultimately led to a four year stalemate on the Western Front.

Subjects

European History, World History

Grade Level

11-12

Duration

90 minutes (2-3 wk. prep)

Tour Links

• Museum of the Great War, Peronne
• Marne Battlefield
• Place Joffre
• Ecole Miltaire
• Place Vauban

Essential Questions

• What was the Schlieffen Plan? What was “Plan 17”?
• Where is the Marne River?  What was the First Battle of the Marne? 
• Who was General Joffre?  Who was General Foch?
• How were the French finally able to turn back the German advance in early September 1914?
• What role did Paris taxis play in the First Battle of the Marne?

Key Terms

• Battle of the Marne (First)
• Ferdinand Foch
• Joseph Joffre
• Marne River
• Plan 17
• Schlieffen Plan
• Stalemate
• Western Front

Academic Summary

"Humanity is mad. It must be mad to do what it is doing. What a massacre! What scenes of horror and carnage! I cannot find words to translate my impressions. Hell cannot be so terrible. Men are mad!"

French Soldier’s diary from the Battle of Verdun, 23 May 1916

People of France, let us all be worthy of these tragic circumstances.  We shall gain the final victory; we shall gain it by unflagging will, endurance, and tenacity.

A nation which refuses to perish, and which, in order to live, does not flinch either from suffering or sacrifice, is sure of victory.

French government’s proclamation to the People of Paris, 03 Sep 1914

The hour has come to advance at all costs and do die where you stand rather than give way.

General Joseph Joffre, French High Command, message to the French Army, 05 Sep 1914

Hard pressed on my right.  My center is giving way.  My right is retreating.  Situation Excellent.  I am attacking.

General Ferdinand Foch, French 9th Army, to Marshal Joffre, 08 Sep 1914 

By 06 Sep 2014, the French were on the ropes.  The government had abandoned Paris, leaving the city for Bordeaux in advance of what governmental officials expected was an imminent takeover of the capital by German forces.  The French army, pride of the nation since the days of Napoleon, had fought valiantly over the preceding five weeks, but was now close to defeat.  Morale was low.  The French plan for winning against Germany, known as “Plan 17”, was an abysmal failure.  The Germans seemed poised to complete the “Schlieffen Plan” in time to turn their attention to Russia.  As the German army neared Paris, however, General Joseph Joffre, commander of the French High Command, rallied the French armies and ordered a counterattack along the Marne River.  The resulting battle (known later as the “First Battle of the Marne” saved France, forced the Germans to retreat and set the stage for over four years of trench warfare and stalemate on the Western Front.

Through an analysis of primary and secondary sources, students in this lesson will identify, understand and be able to explain how the First Battle of the Marne saved France, forced the German army to abandon the Schlieffen Plan and ultimately led to a four-year stalemate on the Western Front.

Procedure

I. Anticipatory Set

• Writing / Question: How important is morale when fighting a war?  Does defending one’s homeland mean anything?  (5 min)
• Handouts – Copies of documents and readings from the websites listed. (5 min)

II. Body of Lesson

• Lecture / PPT – War on the Western Front (20 min)
• Video – Battle of the Marne (15 min)
• Independent Activity – Students read the articles and sources on the Schlieffen Plan and the First Battle of the Marne, specifically looking at how the French army was able to rally at the Marne River and force a stalemate on the Western Front, taking notes as appropriate. (25 min)
• Suggestion: Have the students read some of these articles and sources for homework before class.
• Group Activity – Socratic Seminar: Discussion on the First Battle of the Marne (15 min)

III. Closure

• Assessment – Essay: Explain in detail the First Battle of the Marne and how the French army was able to rally at the Marne River in 1914 to force a stalemate on the Western Front.

Extension

On tour: École de Guerre

While on tour, students should find time to visit the École de Guerre (French military staff college) on the Champ de Mars opposite from the Eiffel Tower in Paris. In the front courtyard, there’s a statue of Marshall Joffre mounted on a horse. The plinth has an inscription about the First Battle of the Marne. Students can see firsthand where Joffre and many others trained for the French officer corps, including Charles De Galle (of WWII fame – ironically, he was a student in 1914 when one his instructors was Petain).